Research methodology involves several key concepts that help researchers understand how a study is structured and conducted. Before selecting a research approach, it is important to understand the basic terms commonly used in research design.
Four fundamental concepts are often discussed in research methodology: philosophical assumptions, research approach, research design, and research methods.
Philosophical assumptions refer to the beliefs and values researchers bring to the research process. These assumptions influence how researchers understand knowledge, reality, and the purpose of inquiry. Such beliefs may be shaped by a researcher’s disciplinary background, previous research experience, and cultural environment.
A research approach (or research methodology) represents a broad plan or strategy for conducting research. It reflects the general orientation of a study and connects philosophical assumptions with practical procedures for data collection and analysis. In many social science studies, three major research approaches are commonly used: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research.
Within each research approach, researchers select a research design, which refers to the specific strategy or structure used to conduct a study. Research designs provide guidance on how a study will be organized and implemented, including the procedures used for collecting and analyzing data.
Finally, research methods refer to the concrete techniques used during the research process. These methods include the procedures for gathering data, analyzing information, and interpreting research findings.